YOUR FUNDS
Be careful when picking beneficiaries for your IRA and 401(k)
REBECCA WARREN is a certified financial planner and certified senior adviser in Mesa. She can be reached at (480) 357-8380 or by e-mail at rebecca@ warrenfinancialservices.com.
Inheriting IRA or 401(k) proceeds from a friend or relative can be a potentially huge windfall, but it can also be a sizable tax headache. For both the giver and the recipient, it’s worth getting some advice. Bank accounts, stocks, real estate and life insurance proceeds generally pass to heirs free of income tax. However, inherited retirement benefits can be a different story. Beneficiaries have to pay ordinary income tax on distributions from 401(k) plans and traditional IRAs after they are inherited. (You don’t see the same problem with Roth IRAs — their benefits can be free of income tax to your heirs if all tax requirements are met.) A financial planning professional or an experienced tax adviser can work with you based on your personal tax and estate circumstances to determine an inheritance strategy that is best for you. Some general guidelines:
• Spouses are the first stop. Federal law dictates that your surviving spouse must be the primary beneficiary of your 401(k) plan benefit unless your spouse signs a waiver to redirect those funds. Even with a traditional IRA, naming the spouse as primary beneficiary may be appropriate. Should the surviving spouse have his or her own IRA, this approach would allow them to simply roll over the assets from the decedent’s IRA into their own. Furthermore, if the surviving spouse is significantly younger than the deceased, the surviving spouse would receive the added benefit of stretching out distributions from the IRA until he or she turns 70 1/2. The stretch-out allows the assets to continue to grow on a tax-deferred basis, thereby maximizing asset value and delaying any income tax due.
• When might you want to rethink a spousal beneficiary? When the surviving spouse’s estate is expected to be large enough to exceed the applicable exclusion amount for federal and state estate taxes. The applicable exclusion amount after allowable expenses is $2 million in 2008 and above $3.5 million in 2009. It should also be noted that in addition to federal estate tax, many states impose a state tax on estates with considerably lower asset levels (often anything over $1 million). Proper estate planning may alleviate this issue.
• What about nonspousal beneficiaries? Today, such beneficiaries may be able to roll over all or part of inherited 401(k) benefits to an inherited IRA. A recent change in IRS regulations still requires nonspousal heirs to withdraw a minimum amount from Inherited IRA assets every year, but it’s based on the age of the recipient rather than the age of the decedent.
• Establishing a Stretch IRA. Due to recent changes in the minimum distribution law, taxpayers may now establish IRAs designed to stretch out the time period over which a nonspouse beneficiary (i.e., child) is required to take minimum distributions from an inherited IRA. Proper use of this vehicle may potentially allow for continued growth of tax-deferred earnings over multiple generations and can have a substantial impact on the future value of the family portfolio.
• Naming trusts or charities as beneficiaries. Placing IRA assets in trust can have substantial advantages but can be complex. It should be considered only after receiving tax advice from a competent professional. It is particularly important to get tax advice related to this issue. Trusts can be complex instruments with which to bequeath assets, and even though naming a charity as one’s primary beneficiary will not affect distributions in your lifetime, it could affect the tax consequences for noncharitable beneficiaries who are sharing the same asset upon your death.
